Ansible Reference Card

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1 Overview

1.1 Inventory

1.1.1 Documentation

  • show all inventory plugins
ansible-doc -t inventory -l
  • show ini style inventory (default)
ansible-doc -t inventory ini

1.1.2 Examples

/etc/ansible/hosts

[apache]
web[01:05] ansible_user=devops

[nginx]
web[10:12]
web13 ansible_port=222 has_java = False
10.0.1.[250:253]

[nginx:vars]
http_port=8080

[webservers:children]
nginx
apache

1.1.3 Dynamic Inventory Example

cat inventory/dynamic-inventory.sh
#!/bin/bash
echo '{
   "web": ["www1", "www2", "www3"],
   "db": ["db1", "db2", "oracle1"]
}'

cat inventory/hosts [sudo] vm20 ansible_user=ansible

chmod 700 inventory/dynamic-inventory.sh ls -l inventory/ 

  -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 94 Dec 14 15:01 dynamic-inventory.sh
  -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 34 Dec 14 15:03 hosts

</source>

<source lang="bash"> [root@ansible lab]# ansible -i inventory/ --list-hosts web 

 hosts (3):
   www1
   www2
   www3

[root@ansible lab]# ansible -i inventory/ --list-hosts sudo 

 hosts (1):
   vm20

</source>



1.1.4 Commands

  • query inventory for specific hosts
ansible web01 --list-hosts
ansible 'all:!kvm' -i /etc/ansible/hosts --list-hosts
  • show host involved by playbook
ansible-playbook --list-hosts tests/qa.yml
  • run module on specific host
ansible vm06 -m setup

2 Setup Ansible

yum list installed python
yum -y install ansible
 
#install public key on destination
ssh-copy-id root@web1

2.1 Configure Ansible

  • Order of config file sources
ANSIBLE_CONFIG=/opt/ansible.cfg -> ./ansible.cfg -> $HOME/.ansible.cfg -> /etc/ansible/ansible.cfg
  • Config Sections
egrep '^\['  /etc/ansible/ansible.cfg
  [defaults]
  [privilege_escalation]
  [ssh_connection]
  [accelerate]
  [selinux]
  [colors]

2.1.1 defaults

forks          = 5    # specify number of parallel processes to use
host_key_checking = True
vault_password_file = /path/to/vault_password_file
ansible_managed = Ansible managed: {file} on {host}
display_skipped_hosts = True
display_args_to_stdout = True

2.1.2 privilege_escalation

become=True # to enable privilege escalation

2.1.2.1 Example

# define user in inventory on ansible host
vm20 ansible_user=ansible

# create and configure user on destination host
useradd ansible
 
su - ansible
mkdir .ssh
chmod 700 .ssh
vi .ssh/authorized_keys # add ansible host pub key 
chmod 600 .ssh/authorized_keys
 
echo 'ansible ALL=(ALL)NOPASSWD: ALL' > /etc/sudoers.d/ansible
visudo -cf /etc/sudoers.d/ansible

# verify configuration
[root@ansible lab]# ansible vm20 -m command -a w
vm20 | SUCCESS | rc=0 >>
 14:24:49 up 48 min,  2 users,  load average: 0.00, 0.01, 0.05
USER     TTY      FROM             LOGIN@   IDLE   JCPU   PCPU WHAT
root     pts/0    192.168.223.59   13:43    5:05   0.05s  0.00s tail -f /var/log/secure
ansible  pts/1    192.168.223.43   14:24    0.00s  0.10s  0.00s /bin/bash -c sudo -H -S -n -u root /bin/bash -c 'echo BECOME-SUCCESS-fwkpkpwhbtkkrxdktmuwvgjmi...



2.2 vim settings

  • $HOME/.vimrc
autocmd Filetype yml setlocal ai sw=2 et

2.3 Configure Cisco IOS devices

ansible-galaxy collection install ansible.netcommon
  • ios_playbook_example.yml
- hosts: switch-aa-325-06
  gather_facts: no
  vars:
    #### ansible v5
    #ansible_connection: ansible.netcommon.network_cli
    #ansible_network_os: cisco.ios.ios
    #### ansible v2.9
    ansible_connection: network_cli
    ansible_network_os: ios
    ansible_user: admin
    ansible_password: xxx
    ansible_become: yes
    ansible_become_method: enable
    ansible_become_password: xxx

  pre_tasks:
  - name: Gather facts
    ios_facts:
    when: ansible_network_os == 'ios'

  tasks:
  - name: run ios cmd
    ios_command:
      commands: show version
    register: version
  - name: print cmd output
    debug: 
      var: version
  - name: print all native facts
    debug:
      var: ansible_facts

  - name: backup config (ios)
    ios_config:
      backup_options:
        dir_path: /tmp/ios-backup
      backup: yes
    register: backup_ios_location
    when: ansible_network_os == 'ios'
  - name: print ios backup config
    debug:
      var: backup_ios_location


2.4 Configure Fortigate devices

Note that forti modules are not really well maintained.

some of them use https connection, some only ssh!

<pre>
- name: test connectivity
  hosts: fw01
  collections:
  - fortinet.fortios
  vars:
    vdom: "root"
    ansible_httpapi_use_ssl: yes
    ansible_httpapi_validate_certs: no
    ansible_httpapi_port: 8443
    # ansible_user: "ansible_forti"
    # ansible_password: "xxxxxxxxx"
  connection: httpapi
  gather_facts: no
  pre_tasks:
  - name: gather facts for forti devices
    fortios_facts:
      vdom:  "{{ vdom }}"
      gather_subset:
        - fact: system_current-admins_select
        - fact: system_firmware_select
        - fact: system_fortimanager_status
        - fact: system_ha-checksums_select
        - fact: system_interface_select
        - fact: system_status_select
        - fact: system_time_select

  tasks:
  - name: print all facts
    debug:
      var: ansible_facts
  - name: print firmware
    debug:
      var: ansible_facts.network_resources.system_firmware_select.version

3 Working with Playbooks

3.1 Loop examples

---
- hosts: localhost
  vars:
    var1: this is one var
    array1: [aaa, bbb]
    array2:
      - ccc
      - ddd
    dictionary1: { key1: value1, key2: value2 }
    dictionary2:
      key3: value3
      key4: value4
    multi_array1:
      user1:
        name: bob
        nr: 123
      user2:
        name: mike
        nr: 456
  tasks:
  - name: show var1
    debug:
      msg: "{{ var1 }}"

  - name: loop array1
    debug:
      msg: "{{ item }}"
    with_items: "{{ array1 }}"

  - name: loop array2
    debug:
      msg: "{{ item }}"
    with_items: "{{ array2 }}"

  - name: loop dictionary1
    debug:
      msg: "{{ item.key }}: {{ item.value }}"
    with_dict: "{{ dictionary1 }}"

  - name: loop dictionary2
    debug:
      msg: "{{ item.key }}: {{ item.value }}"
    with_dict: "{{ dictionary2 }}"

  - name: "multi_array1['user1']['name']" 
    debug:
      msg: "multi_array1['user1']['name']: {{ multi_array1['user1']['name'] }}"
  - name: "multi_array1.user2'.name"
    debug:
      msg: "multi_array1.user2'.name: {{ multi_array1.user2.name }}"

  - name: multi_array1 loop with_dict
    debug: 
      msg: "User {{ item.key }} is {{ item.value.name }} with nr {{ item.value.nr }}"
    with_dict: '{{ multi_array1 }}'

  - name: loop with with_fileglob
    debug:
      msg: "/etc/ansible/{{item}}"
    with_fileglob: "/etc/ansible/*"
...



3.1.1 Example Output

PLAY [localhost] ******************************************************************************************************

TASK [Gathering Facts] ************************************************************************************************
ok: [localhost]

TASK [show var1] ******************************************************************************************************
ok: [localhost] => {
    "msg": "this is one var"
}

TASK [loop array1] ****************************************************************************************************
ok: [localhost] => (item=aaa) => {
    "item": "aaa", 
    "msg": "aaa"
}
ok: [localhost] => (item=bbb) => {
    "item": "bbb", 
    "msg": "bbb"
}

TASK [loop array2] ****************************************************************************************************
ok: [localhost] => (item=ccc) => {
    "item": "ccc", 
    "msg": "ccc"
}
ok: [localhost] => (item=ddd) => {
    "item": "ddd", 
    "msg": "ddd"
}

TASK [loop dictionary1] ***********************************************************************************************
ok: [localhost] => (item={'key': u'key2', 'value': u'value2'}) => {
    "item": {
        "key": "key2", 
        "value": "value2"
    }, 
    "msg": "key2: value2"
}
ok: [localhost] => (item={'key': u'key1', 'value': u'value1'}) => {
    "item": {
        "key": "key1", 
        "value": "value1"
    }, 
    "msg": "key1: value1"
}

TASK [loop dictionary2] ***********************************************************************************************
ok: [localhost] => (item={'key': u'key3', 'value': u'value3'}) => {
    "item": {
        "key": "key3", 
        "value": "value3"
    }, 
    "msg": "key3: value3"
}
ok: [localhost] => (item={'key': u'key4', 'value': u'value4'}) => {
    "item": {
        "key": "key4", 
        "value": "value4"
    }, 
    "msg": "key4: value4"
}

TASK [multi_array1['user1']['name']] **********************************************************************************
ok: [localhost] => {
    "msg": "multi_array1['user1']['name']: bob"
}

TASK [multi_array1.user2'.name] ***************************************************************************************
ok: [localhost] => {
    "msg": "multi_array1.user2'.name: mike"
}

TASK [multi_array1 loop with_dict] ************************************************************************************
ok: [localhost] => (item={'key': u'user2', 'value': {u'nr': 456, u'name': u'mike'}}) => {
    "item": {
        "key": "user2", 
        "value": {
            "name": "mike", 
            "nr": 456
        }
    }, 
    "msg": "User user2 is mike with nr 456"
}
ok: [localhost] => (item={'key': u'user1', 'value': {u'nr': 123, u'name': u'bob'}}) => {
    "item": {
        "key": "user1", 
        "value": {
            "name": "bob", 
            "nr": 123
        }
    }, 
    "msg": "User user1 is bob with nr 123"
}

TASK [loop with with_fileglob] ****************************************************************************************
ok: [localhost] => (item=/etc/ansible/hosts) => {
    "item": "/etc/ansible/hosts", 
    "msg": "/etc/ansible//etc/ansible/hosts"
}
ok: [localhost] => (item=/etc/ansible/ansible.cfg) => {
    "item": "/etc/ansible/ansible.cfg", 
    "msg": "/etc/ansible//etc/ansible/ansible.cfg"
}
ok: [localhost] => (item=/etc/ansible/ansible.cfg.rpmnew) => {
    "item": "/etc/ansible/ansible.cfg.rpmnew", 
    "msg": "/etc/ansible//etc/ansible/ansible.cfg.rpmnew"
}

PLAY RECAP ************************************************************************************************************
localhost                  : ok=10   changed=0    unreachable=0    failed=0

3.2 Merging Dictionaries, dynamic Variables

- hosts: localhost
  vars:
    _default:
      name: chris
      name2: lompetier
    _custom1:
      name: calvin
      name2: hobbes
    _custom2:
      name: god

  tasks:
  - set_fact: {"{{ item.key }}":"{{ item.value }}"}
    with_dict:  "{{_default|combine(_custom1)|combine(_custom2)}}"

3.2.1 Example Output

PLAY [localhost] **************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************

TASK [Gathering Facts] ********************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************
ok: [localhost]

TASK [set_fact] ***************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************
ok: [localhost] => (item={'key': 'name', 'value': 'god'})
ok: [localhost] => (item={'key': 'name2', 'value': 'hobbes'})

PLAY RECAP ********************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************
localhost                  : ok=4    changed=0    unreachable=0    failed=0    skipped=0    rescued=0    ignored=0

4 Variables and Inclusions

4.1 Ansible variable precedence

Ansible variable overriding documentation

In 2.x, we have made the order of precedence more specific (with the last listed variables winning prioritization):

  • role defaults [1]
  • inventory file or script group vars [2]
  • inventory group_vars/all
  • playbook group_vars/all
  • inventory group_vars/*
  • playbook group_vars/*
  • inventory file or script host vars [2]
  • inventory host_vars/*
  • playbook host_vars/*
  • host facts
  • play vars
  • play vars_prompt
  • play vars_files
  • role vars (defined in role/vars/main.yml)
  • block vars (only for tasks in block)
  • task vars (only for the task)
  • role (and include_role) params
  • include params
  • include_vars
  • set_facts / registered vars
  • extra vars (always win precedence)

Basically, anything that goes into “role defaults” (the defaults folder inside the role) is the most malleable and easily overridden. Anything in the vars directory of the role overrides previous versions of that variable in namespace. The idea here to follow is that the more explicit you get in scope, the more precedence it takes with command line -e extra vars always winning. Host and/or inventory variables can win over role defaults, but not explicit includes like the vars directory or an include_vars task.

5 Task Control

5.1 shell

- name: get list of services without Ansible warning
  shell: "service --status-all 2>&1 | awk {'print $4'}"
  args:
    warn: false # set warn=false to prevent warning
  register: services_list

5.2 error handling

- name: this will not be counted as a failure
  command: /bin/false
  ignore_errors: yes

- name: Fail task when the command error output prints FAILED
  command: /usr/bin/example-command -x -y -z
  register: command_result
  failed_when: "'FAILED' in command_result.stderr"

- name: Fail task when both files are identical
  raw: diff foo/file1 bar/file2
  register: diff_cmd
  failed_when: diff_cmd.rc == 0 or diff_cmd.rc >= 2

- name: Check if a file exists in temp and fail task if it does
  command: ls /tmp/this_should_not_be_here
  register: result
  failed_when:
    - result.rc == 0
    - '"No such" not in result.stdout'

- name: example of many failed_when conditions with OR
  shell: "./myBinary"
  register: ret
  failed_when: >
    ("No such file or directory" in ret.stdout) or
    (ret.stderr != '') or
    (ret.rc == 10)

- command: /bin/fake_command
  register: result
  ignore_errors: True
  changed_when:
    - '"ERROR" in result.stderr'
    - result.rc == 2

6 Jinja2 Templates

7 File Handling

8 Working with Roles

9 Optimizing Ansible

10 Ansible Vault

11 Troubleshooting Ansible

12 Working Notes

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